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They consist of two main components: the nucleus pulposus (a gel-like center) and the annulus fibrosus (the tough outer layer)
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Comparison of intestinal absorption in man of large doses of hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin) concluded that the comparison of intestinal absorption in man of high doses of hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin revealed no difference (1) In 1970, the study Absorption of Cyanocobalamin, Coenzyme B12, Methylcobalamin, and Hydroxocobalamin at Different Dose Levels conducted by researchers in Scotland concluded that the proportions of vitamin B12 absorbed were similar between the different forms studied (2) Another, more recent study from 2015 ( Cobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior … ) concluded that the differences in bioavailability between the two forms may be insignificant and that absorption could be influenced by factors such as age and genetics (3) More recently, in 2018, a study conducted on rats on the differences in absorption between hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin reaffirmed that the two forms were absorbed in the same way (4) This information is also echoed by the National Institutes of Health regarding vitamin B12: “ Existing evidence suggests no differences between forms of vitamin B12 with respect to absorption or bioavailability ” (5)
